I'm pretty sure it isn't a cable problem since the computer already detects the zune. But it's not a bad thing to get a free replacement sync cable.
Anyways... Try using unzoon to uninstall your zune software and then reinstall it. The problem is most likely due to a malfunction zune usb driver.
If you fear that you'll break your usb cable/port again, just wireless sync. sync wired only if you're syncing very large files.

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